Approximately one-third of the effect of childhood smoking on GPH (38.6%) and GMH (36.8%) was found to be mediated by COPD diagnosis and other comorbidities
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Lifestyle factors, such as lack of sleep or increased stress, can compound the risk
Other carcinogens approved by FDA in various tobacco products are acetaldehyde, acetone, acrylonitrile, aflatoxin B1 (2), 4-aminobiphenyl, 1 and 2-aminonaphthalene, o-anisidine (3), arsenic, a-alpha-c (2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole) (4), benz[a]anthracene, benz[j]aceanthrylene (5), benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[b]furan, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[c]phenanthrene, beryllium, 1,3-butadiene, cadmium, caffeic acid, catechol, chlorinated dioxins (6), furans, chromium, chrysene (7), cobalt, o-, m- and p-cresol, crotonaldehyde (8), cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene (9), dibenz[a,h]anthracene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h] pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (10), 2,6-dimethylaniline, urethane (11), ethylbenzene, ethylene oxide, furan, glu-p-1 (2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3,2-d] imidazole) (12), glu-p-2 (2-aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3,2-d] imidazole), hydrazine, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) (13), isoprene, 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeAC) (14), 5-methylchrysene, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, naphthalene, nickel, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, 2-nitropropane, N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) (15), N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosomethylethylamine, N-nitrosomorpholine, N-nitrosonornicotine, N-nitrosopiperidine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrososarcosine, quinoline, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) (16), polonium-210, styrene, o-toluidine, 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5h-pyrido[4,3-b]indole and 1-methyl-3-amino-5h-pyrido[4,3-b]indole
