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In addition, the bioenergetic health index (BHI) ( initial ), glycolytic reserve (ECAR oligo - ECAR initial ), and compensatory glycolysis (ECAR rot/AA - ECAR initial ) were determined

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4.4 Treatment of goiter with Scrophulariae Radix Goiters, characterized by abnormal thyroid enlargement and symptoms such as dysphagia and dyspnea (113), arise from causes such as iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, thyroid nodules, and carcinoma (114)

However, the ROS production is elevated in adipocytes with fat overload ( 4.1 Obesity-induced metabolic dysregulation and OS Excessive adipose tissue accumulation in individuals with obesity leads to a significant increase in plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels ( 2 - ), thereby inducing OS ( Palmitic acid (PA), the most abundant saturated fatty acid in humans accounting for 20-30% of total fatty acids and widely present in diets ( Figure 2a