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Importantly, functional B12 deficiency can sometimes coexist with high total B12 levels, especially in kidney disease, and may require additional testing with methylmalonic acid (MMA) or holotranscobalamin if deficiency is suspected clinically

Anti-inflammatory nutrition: Omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric/curcumin, and diets rich in colorful fruits and vegetables can support lower systemic inflammation Collagen supplementation: Hydrolyzed collagen provides amino acid building blocks that may support cartilage matrix production Low-impact movement: Swimming, cycling, and walking maintain joint mobility and promote synovial fluid circulation without excessive impact Physical therapy: Targeted exercises prescribed by a physical therapist can improve joint mechanics and reduce pain Safety Considerations AOD-9604 has demonstrated a favorable safety profile in clinical studies

Cell Physiology , 309 (11), C736746

Effect of Helicobacter pylori and its eradication on gastric juice ascorbic acid