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a decrease in sperm motility (due to mitochondria damage resulting in a reduction in ATP [energy], and damage to the tail a decrease in sperm viability (how long they remain alive) an increase in mid-piece morphology defects (comprised of mostly mitochondria) deleterious effects on sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction (aka sperms ability to fertilize the egg) increased sperm DNA damage and apoptosis (cell death) And could contribute to possible birth defects It should be noted that almost all human ejaculate contains reactive oxygen species (ROS), primarily produced from the above-mentioned lifestyle and environmental factors ( consumption of sugars and oxidized vegetable oils, smoking, alcohol, exposure to environmental toxins, high or chronic emotional stress, circadian rhythm dysregulation (poor sleep), lack of exercise, infections, and a lack of antioxidant intake ), as well as from abnormally shaped sperm present (meaning, if there is a high % of abnormally shaped sperm, or poor morphology, more reactive oxygen species (ROS) will be present, and these days, most sperm samples contain a large % of abnormally shaped sperm)
Mol Cell Endocrinol 458:615
The applications are vast for GHK-Cu, and they can be used for a wide variety of functions
However, an RCT (n=77) revealed that in relapsing-remitting MS patients, IFN- 1b plus atorvastatin was more likely to cause temporary elevations in liver enzymes than monotherapy, and the combined therapy was not better than monotherapy (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00942591) (282)
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