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Better Respiratory Function Lung function improves, leading to easier breathing and reduced risk of chronic respiratory conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Among these variables, age at cessation (78.999.6%) exhibited the best performance, followed by pack-years (86.998.3%) and year of cessation (87.897.9%), while years since cessation (92.495.4%) and smoking duration (84.094.9%) showed slightly lower accuracy

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Measurements were performed at baseline and after oral assumption of caffeine 100 mg in group 1, one cigarette smoking in group 2, and both in group 3