Elucidating this interconnected circuitry provides a more comprehensive framework for understanding AKI-to-CKD progression and identifies multi-targeted strategies that disrupt the network at critical junctions
Time for adsorption Although the development of high-flux membranes, including those of medium cut-off, has improved the clearance of medium size molecules,6 molecules above 70 kDa are not removable by filtration or diffusion.7,8 Similarly, dialytic clearance of p-cresyl sulfate (pCS), and other protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), is poor with diffusive treatment and limited with OL-HDF,9 and only a few studies have explored how to improve their clearance by other extracorporeal therapies.1014 This is of particular relevance, given that PBUTs are highly correlated with cardiovascular complications in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on HD,1113,15,16 being the leading cause of death in this population.17,18 At this point, it seems very difficult to improve the clearance of uremic toxins by simply manipulating pore size without paying the price of increased loss of albumin and other beneficial substances such as amino acids, vitamins, hormones, growth and coagulation factors.7,19 In this context, adsorption, based on mass separation by a solid agent called sorbent,20 could be an interesting strategy to remove PBUTs and molecules larger than the limit imposed by the "albumin size".7,8,15,21 Adsorption: what techniques are available
No frills, just pure B12
Androgen receptor influences on body defense system via modulation of innate and adaptive immune systems: lessons from conditional AR knockout mice
