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Thirty minutes later, the monolayer was washed three times with 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.15 M sodium chloride (TBS)

Several groups have applied single-nucleus transcriptomics (snRNA-seq) to ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons and glial cells across three stagespre-addiction, addiction, and post-addictionyielding deeper insights into nicotine-induced changes (Scott et al., 2024), proteomics ( 5 Conclusion Nicotine addiction arises from the diversity and dynamic regulation of nAChR subtypes, which shape the balance between rewards and aversion in mesolimbic circuits

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