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The IV estimate is nearly twice as large as the OLS estimate, which can be attributed to classical measurement error biasing OLS estimates toward zero, the IV capturing the local average treatment effect (LATE), and potential spillover effects 2022 7,16

For someone who doesnt usually smoke, that one cigarette can lead to cotinine concentrations of: Urine : 50200 ng/mL Blood : 15 ng/mL Saliva : 210 ng/mL These ranges may vary based on metabolism, age, and liver function

It also discusses other ways smoking affects the skin

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