Transcriptomic studies have characterized the compound as influencing the expression of a large number of genes, published analyses have reported effects on the expression of more than four thousand human genes, across the directional categories studied, with notable enrichment in pathways related to extracellular matrix remodeling, cellular proliferation, antioxidant response, and copper homeostasis
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at the same time, changes in intracellular Ca 2+ lead to the opening of neuronal pannexin 1 channels to open and activate cystatinase 1, followed by the release of high mobility group box-1 protein and the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway in astrocytes (Karatas et al., 2013), which triggers substantial inflammatory response, producing a variety of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 (Figure 1B)
During acute inflammation the mRNA expressions of the TH2 cell associated cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and predominantly IL-13 are significantly up-regulated in skin lesions from AD patients when compared to the uninvolved skin [5,6,7]
