ROS: basic concepts, sources, cellular signaling, and its implications in aging pathways
N Engl J Med (2015) 373:24846
In the following section, we summarize (i) the sources of oxidants in healthy RBCs, (ii) the antioxidant systems, including (ii.a) antioxidant molecules and their redox couples, such as reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG), ascorbate/dehydroascorbate (vitamin C), and -tocopherol (vitamin E), (ii.b) the sources of reducing equivalents such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and (ii.c) the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (Cat), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2)
Persistent oxidative stress and induction of nuclear-factor-erythroid 2related-factor 2 (NRF2) antioxidant response in KO livers EtOH feeding decreased GSH levels specifically in the mitochondrial pool of livers of WT mice (Fig