does chewing tobacco affect heart Smokeless use and circulatory disease risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis How Smoking Affects Heart Health

Additional methylation alterations in IL6 receptor and genes involved in Wnt/-catenin signaling suggest disrupted immune regulation and epithelial development, contributing to persistent lung function decline even after smoking cessation (20)

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Results Sample characteristics From a total of 3147 screened patients, 1145 patients were enrolled in this study resulting in a participation rate of 36.4%