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Limited clinical validation: Despite decades of research interest, DSIP has not progressed into wide-scale clinical adoption, which raises questions about consistency and reproducibility of effects

The most mechanistically coherent pairing is MOTS-c with resistance training and aerobic exercise

DSIP does not have comparable long-term safety evidence, and the FDA has raised concerns about insufficient safety data and quality-control issues involving compounded DSIP products

A review on BPC-157 and gastric cytoprotection describes it as a stable gastric pentadecapeptide with anti-ulcer and tissue-protective effects and notes that it has been used in trials for ulcerative colitis